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Georg Morris Cohen Brandes(4February 1842 – 19 February 1927) was a Danish critic and scholar who greatlyinfluenced Scandinavian and European literature from the 1870s through the turnof the 20th century. He is seen as the theorist behind the "Modern Breakthrough"of Scandinavian culture. At the age of 30, Brandes formulated the principles ofa newrealismandnaturalism, condemninghyper-aesthetic writing and also fantasy in literature. His literary goals wereshared by some other authors, among them the Norwegian "realist" playwrightHenrik Ibsen. When Georg Brandes held a series of lectures in1871 with the title "Main Currents in 19th-century Literature", hedefined theModern Breakthroughandstarted the movement that would becomeCultural Radicalism. In1884Viggo Hørup, GeorgBrandes, and his brotherEdvard Brandesstarted the daily newspaperPolitikenwith the motto: "The paper of greaterenlightenment". The paper and their political debates led to a split ofthe liberal partyVenstrein 1905 andcreated the new partyDet Radikale Venstre. Georg Brandes was borninto a non-observant Jewish middle-class family inCopenhagen, the elder brother of prominent DanesErnst BrandesandEdvard Brandes. He became a student at theUniversity ofCopenhagenin 1859 where he first studiedjurisprudence. From this, however, his interests soon turnedtophilosophyandaesthetics. In 1862 he won thegold medal of the university for an essay onThe Idea of Nemesis amongthe Ancients. Before this, indeed since 1858, he had shown a remarkablegift for verse-writing, the results of which, however, were not abundant enoughto justify separate publication. Brandes did not collect his poems until aslate as 1898. At the university, which he left in 1864, Brandes was influencedby the writings ofHeibergin criticismandSøren Kierkegaardin philosophy,influences which continued to leave traces on his work. In1866, he contributed to the discussion of the works of Rasmus Nielsen in"Dualism in our Recent Philosophy". From 1865 to 1871 he traveledmuch in Europe, acquainting himself with the condition of literature in theprincipal centers of learning. His first important contribution to letters washisAesthetic Studies(1868), where his maturer method isalready foreshadowed in several brief monographs on Danish poets. In 1870 hepublished several important volumes,The French Aesthetics of the PresentDay, dealing chiefly withHippolyte Taine,Criticisms and Portraits, and atranslation ofThe Subjection of WomenbyJohn Stuart Mill, whom he had met that year during a visit toEngland. Brandesnow took his place as the leading northern European critic, applying to localconditions and habits of thought the methods of Taine. He becameDocentorreader in Aesthetics at the University of Copenhagen,[1]where his lectures were a greatsuccess and gathered huge audiences.His famous opening lecture on 3November 1871,Hovedstrømninger i det 19de Aarhundredes Litteratur(English:Main Currents in the Literature of the Nineteenth Century),signalled the beginning of his lifelong struggle to modernize Danishliterature.After the professorship ofaesthetics became vacant in 1872, it was taken as a matter of course thatBrandes would fill it. But the young critic had offended many sensibilities byhis ardent advocacy of modern ideas; he was seen as a Jew (which he did notconsider himself to be), his convictions were Radical, he was suspected ofbeing anatheist. The authorities refused to appoint him, but hisfitness for the post was so obvious that the chair of Aesthetics remainedvacant for years, since no one else daring to place himself in comparison withBrandes. Inthe middle of these polemics, Brandes began to issue volumes of the mostambitious of his works,Main Currents in the Literature of theNineteenth Century, of which four volumes appeared between 1872 and 1875(English translation,[4]1901–1905). The brilliant noveltyof this criticism of the literature of major European countries at thebeginning of the 19th century, and his description of the general revoltagainst the pseudo-classicism of the 18th century, at once attracted attentionoutside Denmark. The tumult which gathered round the person of the criticincreased the success of the work, and the reputation of Brandes grew apace,especially in Germany andRussia. In1877 Brandes left Copenhagen and settled in Berlin, taking a considerable partin the aesthetic life of that city. His political views, however, madePrussiauncomfortable with him, and he returned in 1883to Copenhagen, where he found a whole new school of writers and thinkers eagerto receive him as their leader. He headed the group "Det moderneGjennembruds Mænd" (The Men of the Modern Breakthrough), composedofJ. P. Jacobsen,Holger Drachmann, Edvard Brandes, Erik Skram,Sophus Schandorph, and NorwegiansHenrik IbsenandBjørnstjerne Bjørnson,buta conservative reaction against his "realistic" doctrines beganaround 1883, headed by Holger Drachmann.